Heterostructural Covalent Polymer/Organic Framework Composites: Recent Advances and Applications

per ipstsپژوهش و توسعه فناوری پلیمر ایران 2538-3345 2588-39332025-0193513articleHeterostructural Covalent Polymer/Organic Framework Composites: Recent Advances and ApplicationsFatemeh Saravanifatemeh.saravani1104@gmail.com1Milad Ghanim.ghani@umz.ac.ir2university of MazandaranPorous materials are essential for industry and daily life due to their remarkable properties such as specific structure and unique properties. In general, solid materials that contain holes in their structure are defined as porous materials. One of the important concepts that is investigated in porous materials is porosity. Porosity is obtained by dividing the volume of pores by the total volume of the material. The holes in porous materials are divided into two types: open holes and closed holes. Open holes have access to the surface of the material, but closed holes are trapped inside the material. Recently, due to the superior properties of these materials, the development of emerging porous materials for interdisciplinary applications has grown significantly. Covalent organic frameworks, with features such as designability, large surface area and high porosity, as a new and excellent infrastructure for porous crystalline products, have attracted the attention of many researchers. To improve the behavior of primary COFs, it is necessary to integrate COFs with other materials to form derivative composites. In this paper, the recent progress on heterostructured composites made by combining polymers with COFs for applications in catalysis, gas separation, energy storage, absorption, chemical detection, bioimaging, phototherapy, and food safety will be presented. In addition, the inherent challenges and prospects for the development of COF-based multistructures will also be mentioned.http://irdpt.ir/Article/48432Polymer covalent organic framework multistructure heterostructureper ipstsپژوهش و توسعه فناوری پلیمر ایران 2538-3345 2588-39332025-01931525articleInvestigating the impact of microplastics on the aquaculture industryZeinab Salahshoorz.salahshour@abrii.ac.ir1Farzad Mehrjomehrjo@kashmar.ac.ir2Ehsan Lashkarie.shokri@abrii.ac.ir3Department of Nanotechnology Research, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, IranDepartment of Nanotechnology Research, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran    Microplastic pollution in aquaculture environment and products has spread globally and entered aquaculture environment in different ways. Microplastics can accumulate in aquaculture products. They can be transferred between trophic levels from herbivores to carnivores. Also, there is a problem of their accumulation in many pools and places for breeding aquatic animals. This research aimed to investigate the impact of microplastics on aquaculture industry and the health of the environment and humans. The sources of microplastics in aquaculture can be microplastics imported from the external environment (including river, sea, land, atmosphere) and during the process of aquaculture (including aging and wear of plastic fishing equipment, feeding, and packaging of products Aquaculture) was divided. Among the river microplastic sources, we can mention industrial effluents, human activities, sewage treatment plants, agricultural activities, etc. Also, among industrial, textile wastewater was the main source of fibrous microplastics in rivers. Due to long-term immersion, erosion, wear and impact, nets, fishing lines, floating balls, and other plastic products used for cage and boat culture can produce microplastics and enter the aquaculture environment. These polymer pollutants have toxic effects on the microalgae in the water, which can affect the ecological balance of the aquaculture environment. Some studies have shown that microplastics with maximum diameter of 130-micrometers can penetrate blood vessels and lymph nodes of mammals and transported to different parts of body through blood and lymph circulation. Therefore, due to the impact of microplastics on aquaculture industry, human health, and environment, this issue requires serious attention.http://irdpt.ir/Article/48382Microplastics Aquaculture Environment Industry Fishingper ipstsپژوهش و توسعه فناوری پلیمر ایران 2538-3345 2588-39332025-01932736articleA review of the physical mixing method to prevent fouling in polymer membranesAmir Kholghiamir.13722@gmail.com1Morteza Nasirim_nasiri@sut.ac.ir2Sahand University of Technology - Faculty of Polymer Membrane technology is an essential tool for purification and separation of liquid, solid and gas solutions, which is used in a wide range of industrial and medical applications. Despite being widely used in these fields, polymer-based membranes still face several challenges, including instability, low mechanical strength, and tendency to fouling. The last point has attracted the attention of many research groups around the world. A convenient method for preparing antifouling membranes is through physical mixing, which is a one-step method that involves mixing the base polymer and antifouling materials before casting and forming a film by a phase separation process. This review focuses on the recent development of anti-fouling membranes through this method and initially deals with different phase separation processes including non-solvent induced phase separation, vapor induced phase separation, temperature induced phase separation evaporation induced phase separation. In this study, the application of polymer anti-fouling materials such as nanocellulose, hydrophilic polymers, sulfonated polymers, amphiphilic block copolymers, etc., to achieve anti-fouling properties and improve the performance of the resulting membranes from the point of view of pure water flux, rejection percentage and flux recovery rate are investigated. The results of this study show that physical mixing with appropriate antifouling materials is an effective method to reduce the amount of fouling and improve the performance of membranes.  http://irdpt.ir/Article/48518Phase separation Fouling Anti-fouling materials Physical mixingper ipstsپژوهش و توسعه فناوری پلیمر ایران 2538-3345 2588-39332025-01933746articleA review of the application of polymeric porous membranes as a solid substrate in microextraction processesZahra Mansour Lakorajzahrawmansoriw78@gmail.com1Milad Ghanim.ghani@umz.ac.ir2University of MazandaranPorous polymer membranes are known as a versatile and efficient material for microextraction processes. These membranes are used in analytical processes, both as a solid support and as a protective medium to improve sample preparation. Membrane types are divided into porous, non-porous and carrier membranes according to the structure and size of the holes. Porous membranes can separate the components of a mixture by cleaning different particles according to their size. The size of the holes and pores in these types of membranes is a factor that causes their diversity and makes each of them suitable for separating specific molecules. Porous polymer membranes offer unique advantages in microextraction methods due to their large surface area and controllable pore size, which eliminate the effect of interference caused by the presence of various substances in the texture of complex samples and improve selectivity. This article deals with the key aspects of the application of porous polymer membranes in liquid and solid phase microextraction and examines their challenges and advances in the chemical analysis of food, biological and environmental samples. Evaluating the greenness of the methods used for their synthesis as well as the solvents used is one of the things that are investigated in porous polymer membranes.http://irdpt.ir/Article/48463Polymeric membranes solid phase microextraction liquid phase microextractionper ipstsپژوهش و توسعه فناوری پلیمر ایران 2538-3345 2588-39332025-01934757articleInvestigating the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Nanocomposites Containing Mxene NanoparticlesMohammad Hossein Karamikarami.polymerphd@gmail.com1Omid Moeini Jazni o.moini@eng.ui.ac.ir2Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 81746-73441, Isfahan, IranDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, P.O. Box 81746-73441, Isfahan, Iran    This research examines nanomaterials known as mxene (nanomxenes) as two-dimensional fillers in epoxy resins and highlights their potential to enhance the performance of these thermosetting materials. Epoxy and maxins are two types of chemicals that are widely used in various industries, particularly in construction and the production of industrial products. Epoxy resins are well-known for their excellent mechanical properties, low shrinkage during curing, and good thermal and chemical resistance, making them suitable for advanced engineering applications. However, their inherent brittleness and poor thermal and electrical conductivity present challenges. Nanomxenes, an emerging class of two-dimensional materials, are characterized by high electrical conductivity, electrochemical activity, and biocompatibility, offering a promising solution. This research addresses recent advances in the use of nanomxenes to improve the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of epoxy resins and their fiber-reinforced composites. The applications of these advanced materials underscore the significant role of nanomxenes in optimizing the performance of epoxy resins, paving the way for innovative applications across various industries, particularly in construction and the manufacturing of industrial products. The ongoing development of nanomxenes represents an exciting frontier in materials science, with the potential to revolutionize the properties and applications of epoxy nanocomposites. In this research, we discuss synthesis methods, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and recent developments in epoxy nanocomposites reinforced with nanomxenes.  http://irdpt.ir/Article/48560Nanomxenes Epoxy Resin Synthesis Mechanical Properties Thermal Propertiesper ipstsپژوهش و توسعه فناوری پلیمر ایران 2538-3345 2588-39332025-01935972articleA review on the self-healing polyurethanes based on dynamic physical and chemical bondsMahmoud Heydarimahmoud_i87@yahoo.com1emam hosseinSelf-healing mechanisms in polyurethanes, including the use of dynamic covalent bonds such as disulfide, imine, boroxine, alkoxyamine bonds, etc., and dynamic non-covalent bonds such as single and multiple hydrogen bonds, metal coordination,  etc., were investigated and reviewed. The conditions for healing and the external driving factors required to initiate self-healing of these mechanisms were investigated. The results showed that in many mechanisms such as the use of dynamic boroxine or imine bonds, the use of an external driving factor such as surface condensation with ethanol solution or the application of high temperatures is necessary and unavoidable. A review of scientific literature showed that the use of polyols with switching capabilities in the soft phase will benefit from the shape memory capability and further facilitate self-healing, and will eliminate the need for external force and pressure to contact and bring cracked surfaces closer. The results showed that the combination of dynamic covalent and dynamic non-covalent mechanisms is a key to achieving desirable mechanical properties and facilitated self-healing conditions. The principles governing the selection of each of the soft and hard segments to maximize self-healing properties under ambient conditions were reviewed. The results showed that hard phases with minimal interaction from curing agents or asymmetric chain extenders such as isophorone diisocyanate or isophorone diamine will facilitate self-healing. The use of polyols such as polytetramethylene ether glycol containing oxygen atoms will contribute to the soft phase in self-healing by the hydrogen bonding mechanism.http://irdpt.ir/Article/48875Polyurethane self-healing dynamic covalent bonding shape memory soft and hard phase